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  Indian J Med Microbiol
 

Figure 3: TGF-β signaling in COVID-19-associated cell death. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-dependent cell death pathways including p21/p27-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest, RIPK/MLKL-mediated necroptosis, and TIEG1/ DAPK/p53-dependent apoptosis. DAPK, death-associated protein kinase; RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase; MLKL, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein.

Figure 3: TGF-β signaling in COVID-19-associated cell death. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-dependent cell death pathways including p21/p27-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest, RIPK/MLKL-mediated necroptosis, and TIEG1/ DAPK/p53-dependent apoptosis. DAPK, death-associated protein kinase; RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase; MLKL, mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein.