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  Indian J Med Microbiol
 

Figure 2: TGF-β signaling in COVID-19-associated tissue fibrosis. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-mediated fibrosis, which can be further enhanced by non-Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FOXO, forkhead box O; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.

Figure 2: TGF-β signaling in COVID-19-associated tissue fibrosis. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-mediated fibrosis, which can be further enhanced by non-Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FOXO, forkhead box O; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin.