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  Indian J Med Microbiol
 

Figure 1: Role of TGF-β signaling in COVID-19. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-mediated cell death and fibrosis, which can be exacerbated by increased angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling and local inflammatory responses including production of TGF-β by M2 macrophages and release of active TGF-β via PMN-dependent proteases. PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 1: Role of TGF-β signaling in COVID-19. After SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via ACE2, its N protein (CoV-2 N) can activate TGF-β signaling directly by binding and promote Smad3-mediated cell death and fibrosis, which can be exacerbated by increased angiotensin II (Ang II) signaling and local inflammatory responses including production of TGF-β by M2 macrophages and release of active TGF-β via PMN-dependent proteases. PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.